Philip Levine (January 10, 1928– February 14, 2015) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet best known for his poems about working-class Detroit. He taught for more than thirty years in the English department of California State University, Fresno and held teaching positions at other universities as well. He served on the Board of Chancellors of the Academy of American Poets from 2000 to 2006, and was appointed Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012.

Biography

Philip Levine grew up in industrial Detroit, the second of three sons and the first of identical twins of Jewish immigrant parents. His father, Harry Levine, owned a used auto parts business, his mother, Esther Priscol (Prisckulnick) Levine, was a bookseller. When Levine was five years old, his father died. While growing up, he faced the anti-Semitism embodied by Father Coughlin, the pro-Nazi radio priest.

Levine started to work in car manufacturing plants at the age of 14. Detroit Central High School graduated him in 1946 and he went to college at Wayne University (now Wayne State University) in Detroit, where he began to write poetry, encouraged by his mother, to whom he dedicated the book of poems, The Mercy. Levine earned his A.B. in 1950 and went to work for Chevrolet and Cadillac in what he called “stupid jobs.”

He married his first wife, Patty Kanterman, in 1951. The marriage lasted until 1953.

In 1953, he attended the University of Iowa without registering, studying with, among others, poets Robert Lowell and John Berryman, the latter of whom Levine called his “one great mentor.”

In 1954, he earned a mail-order masters degree with a thesis on John Keats’ “Ode to Indolence,” and married actress Frances J. Artley.

He returned to the University of Iowa teaching technical writing, completing his Master of Fine Arts degree in 1957. The same year, he was awarded the Jones Fellowship in Poetry at Stanford University. In 1958, he joined the English department at California State University in Fresno, where he taught until his retirement in 1992. He also taught at many other universities, among them New York University as Distinguished Writer-in-Residence, Columbia, Princeton, Brown, Tufts, and the University of California at Berkeley.

Levine and his wife had made their homes in Fresno and Brooklyn. He died of pancreatic cancer on February 14, 2015, age 87.

Work

The familial, social, and economic world of twentieth-century Detroit is one of the major subjects of Levine’s life work. His portraits of working class Americans and his continuous examination of his Jewish immigrant inheritance (both based on real life and described through fictional characters) has left a testimony of mid-twentieth century American life.

Levine’s working experience lent his poetry a profound skepticism with regard to conventional American ideals. In his first two books, On the Edge (1963) and Not This Pig (1968), the poetry dwells on those who suddenly become aware that they are trapped in some murderous processes not of their own making. In 1968, Levine signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse to make tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

In his first two books, Levine was somewhat traditional in form and relatively constrained in expression. Beginning with They Feed They Lion, typically Levine’s poems are free-verse monologues tending toward trimeter or tetrameter. The music of Levine’s poetry depends on tension between his line-breaks and his syntax. The title poem of Levine’s book 1933 (1974) is an example of the cascade of clauses and phrases one finds in his poetry. Other collections include The Names of the Lost, A Walk with Tom Jefferson, New Selected Poems, and the National Book Award-winning What Work Is.

On November 29, 2007 a tribute was held in New York City in anticipation of Levine’s eightieth birthday. Among those celebrating Levine’s career by reading Levine’s work were Yusef Komunyakaa, Galway Kinnell, E. L. Doctorow, Charles Wright, Jean Valentine and Sharon Olds. Levine read several new poems as well.

Awards

2013 Academy of American Poets Wallace Stevens Award
2011 Appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (United States Poet Laureate)
1995 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry– The Simple Truth (1994)
1991 National Book Award for Poetry and Los Angeles Times Book Prize– What Work Is
1987 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize from the Modern Poetry Association and the American Council for the Arts
1981 Levinson Prize from Poetry magazine
1980 Guggenheim Foundation fellowship
1980 National Book Award for Poetry– Ashes: Poems New and Old
1979 National Book Critics Circle Award– Ashes: Poems New and Old– 7 Years from Somewhere
1978 Harriet Monroe Memorial Prize from Poetry
1977 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize from the Academy of American Poets– The Names of the Lost (1975)
1973 American Academy of Arts and Letters Award, Frank O’Hara Prize, Guggenheim Foundation fellowship

Published works

Poetry collections

News of the World, Random House, Inc., 2009, ISBN 978-0-307-27223-2
Stranger to Nothing: Selected Poems, Bloodaxe Books, UK, 2006, ISBN 978-1-85224-737-9
Breath Knopf, 2004, ISBN 978-1-4000-4291-3; reprint, Random House, Inc., 2006, ISBN 978-0-375-71078-0
The Mercy, Random House, Inc., 1999, ISBN 978-0-375-70135-1
Unselected Poems, Greenhouse Review Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-9655239-0-5
The Simple Truth, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43580-8; Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, ISBN 978-0-679-76584-4
What Work Is, Knopf, 1992, ISBN 978-0-679-74058-2
New Selected Poems, Knopf, 1991, ISBN 978-0-679-40165-0
A Walk With Tom Jefferson, A.A. Knopf, 1988, ISBN 978-0-394-57038-9
Sweet Will, Atheneum, 1985, ISBN 978-0-689-11585-1
Selected Poems, Atheneum, 1984, ISBN 978-0-689-11456-4
One for the Rose, Atheneum, 1981, ISBN 978-0-689-11223-2
7 Years From Somewhere, Atheneum, 1979, ISBN 978-0-689-10974-4
Ashes: Poems New and Old, Atheneum, 1979, ISBN 978-0-689-10975-1
The Names of the Lost, Atheneum, 1976
1933, Atheneum, 1974, ISBN 978-0-689-10586-9
They Feed They Lion, Atheneum, 1972
Red Dust (1971)
Pili’s Wall, Unicorn Press, 1971; Unicorn Press, 1980
Not This Pig, Wesleyan University Press, 1968, ISBN 978-0-8195-2038-8; Wesleyan University Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-8195-1038-9
On the Edge (1963)

Essays

The Bread of Time (1994)

Translations

Off the Map: Selected Poems of Gloria Fuertes, edited and translated with Ada Long (1984)
Tarumba: The Selected Poems of Jaime Sabines, edited and translated with Ernesto Trejo (1979)

Interviews

Don’t Ask, University of Michigan Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-472-06327-7
Moyers & Company, on December 29, 2013, Philip Levine reads some of his poetry and explores how his years working on Detroit’s assembly lines inspired his poetry.
“Interlochen Center for the Arts”, Interview with Interlochen Arts Academy students on March 17, 1977.

References

Wikipedia—https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Levine_(poet)